1952 Harvey Kurtzman
(October 3, 1924 – February 21, 1993)
was an American cartoonist and
editor. His best-known work includes writing and editing the parodic
comic book Mad from 1952 until 1956, and writing the Little Annie Fanny strips in Playboy
from 1962 until 1988. His work is noted for its satire and parody of
popular culture, social critique, and attention to detail. Kurtzman's
working method has been likened to that of an auteur, and he expected those who illustrated his stories to follow his layouts strictly.
serial literature
In literature, a serial is a printing format by which a single larger work, often a work of narrative fiction, is published in smaller, sequential installments.
Jeremy Bentham
(/ˈbɛnθəm/; 1748 - 1832)
was an English philosopher, jurist, and social reformer regarded as the founder of modern utilitarianism.
Bentham defined as the "fundamental axiom" of his philosophy the principle that "it is the greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the measure of right and wrong". He became a leading theorist in Anglo-American philosophy of law, and a political radical whose ideas influenced the development of welfarism. He advocated for individual and economic freedoms, the separation of church and state, freedom of expression, equal rights for women, the right to divorce, and the decriminalising of homosexual acts. He called for the abolition of slavery, of the death penalty, and of physical punishment, including that of children.[9] He has also become known as an early advocate of animal rights.[ Though strongly in favour of the extension of individual legal rights, he opposed the idea of natural law and natural rights (both of which are considered "divine" or "God-given" in origin), calling them "nonsense upon stilts". Bentham was also a sharp critic of legal fictions.
Poor Law Amendment Act 1834
The Act was passed two years after the 1832 Reform Act extended the franchise to the middle classes. Some historians have argued that this was a major factor in the PLAA being passed.
The Act has been described as "the classic example of the fundamental Whig-Benthamite reforming legislation of the period".[1] Its theoretical basis was Thomas Malthus's principle that population increased faster than resources unless checked, Thomas Malthus's "iron law of wages" and Jeremy Bentham's doctrine that people did what was pleasant and would tend to claim relief rather than working.[2]
The Act was intended to curb the cost of poor relief, and address abuses
of the old system, prevalent in southern agricultural counties, by
enabling a new system to be brought in under which relief would only be
given in workhouses,
and conditions in workhouses would be such as to deter any but the
truly destitute from applying for relief. The Act was passed by large
majorities in Parliament, with only a few Radicals (such as William Cobbett)
voting against. The act was implemented, but the full rigours of the
intended system were never applied in Northern industrial areas;
however, the apprehension that they would be was a contributor to the
social unrest of the period.
The iron law of wages is a proposed law of economics that asserts that real wages always tend, in the long run, toward the minimum wage necessary to sustain the life of the worker. The theory was first named by Ferdinand Lassalle in the mid-nineteenth century. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels attribute the doctrine to Lassalle (notably in Marx's 1875 Critique of the Gotha Programme), the idea to Thomas Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population, and the terminology to Goethe's "great, eternal iron laws" in Das Göttliche.[1][2][3]
It was coined in reference to the views of classical economists such as David Ricardo's Law of rent, and the competing population theory of Thomas Malthus.
It held that the market price of labour would always, or almost always,
tend toward the minimum required for the subsistence of the labourers,
reducing as the working population increased and vice versa. Ricardo
believed that happened only under particular conditions.
The Newgate novels (or Old Bailey novels) were novels published in England
from the late 1820s until the 1840s that were thought to glamorise the
lives of the criminals they portrayed. Most drew their inspiration from
the Newgate Calendar,
a biography of famous criminals published at various times during the
late 18th and early 19th centuries, but usually rearranged or
embellished the original tale for melodramatic effect.
workhouse
In England and Wales, a workhouse, colloquially known as a spike, was a place where those unable to support themselves were offered accommodation and employment.
The New Poor Law of 1834
attempted to reverse the economic trend by discouraging the provision
of relief to anyone who refused to enter a workhouse. Some Poor Law
authorities hoped to run workhouses at a profit by utilising the free
labour of their inmates, who generally lacked the skills or motivation
to compete in the open market. Most were employed on tasks such as
breaking stones, crushing bones to produce fertiliser, or picking oakum using a large metal nail known as a spike, perhaps the origin of the workhouse's nickname.
Life in a workhouse was intended to be harsh, to deter the
able-bodied poor and to ensure that only the truly destitute would
apply. But in areas such as the provision of free medical care and
education for children, neither of which was available to the poor in
England living outside workhouses until the early 20th century,
workhouse inmates were advantaged over the general population, a dilemma
that the Poor Law authorities never managed to reconcile.
μνημειακή ζωγραφική μέσης βυζαντινής 843-1204
(από το θρίαμβο τηε Ορθοδοξίας μέχρι την Άλωση από τους Φράγκους)
ένθρονη βρεφοκρατούσα, Αγία Σοφία, 867
εύσαρκες μορφές, πλάθονται με χρώμα παρά με τη γραμμή
στην περιφέρεια του τρούλου η Παναγία πλαισιωμένη από δύο αγγέλους
και τους 12 αποστόλους
Ανάληψη, τρούλος Αγία; Σοφίας, Θεσσαλονίκης,
γλυκοφιλούσα, ιερό Νέου Τοκαλί
Χριστός ένθρονος & Λέων Ζ, Αγία Σοφία
βρεφοκρατούσα με αυτοκράτορες Μεγάλο Κωνσταντίνο & Ιουστινιανό
γέννηση, Όσιος Λουκάς
νιπτήρ, Όσιος Λουκάς
αποκαθήλωση, κρύπτη Οσίου Λουκά
στη μονή του Οσίου Λουκά κυριαρχούν οι μεμονωμένες μορφές,
κυριαρχεί το σχέδιο
αδιαφορία για την απόδοση αναλογιών
μεγάλα εκφραστικά μάτια
Νέα Μονή Χίου
η τεχνική των ψηφιδωτών έχει σαφή ζωγραφικό χαρακτήρα
Ανάσταση, Μονή Δαφνίου
επιστροφή στις αρχές της αρχαίας ζωγραφικής
συνασθηματική εμπλοκή των πρωταγωνιστών
προσευχή τηε Άννας / ευαγγελισμός του Ιωακείμ
δευτερεύων θεομητορικός κύκλος
Παναγία δεομένη, Αγία Σοφία Κιέβου
νάρθηκας Παναγίας Χαλκέων, Δευτέρα Παρουσία
ανάληψη Aγια Σοφία Αχρίδας
ascension, St Sophia, Ohrid Црква Света Софија
δυναμισμός των μορφών & ψυχολογική τους εγρήγορση
εξόφθαλμη, βλάσφημη ομοιότητα χαρακτηριστικών προσώπου
Ρογήρου Β' και Χριστού La Martorana, Santa Maria dell’Ammiraglio San Nicolò dei Greci PALERMO
δέησις του κτήτορα του ναού, Γεωργίου Αντίοχου στην Παναγία La Martorana
Άγιος Παντελεήμων, Νερέζι
ιδρύθηκε το 1164
κομνήνεια ζωγραφική
επιτάφιος θρήνος
ενδιαφέρον για την αποδοση του ανθρώπινου συναισθήματος
πάθος
συναισθηματική εμπλοκή
εκφραστικές συσπάσεις του προσώπου
λύγισμα του κορμιού
Άγιος Ιερόθεος, Μεγάρων
μαλακή πλαστικότητα
αρμονικά χαρακτηριστικά
ήρεμη έκφραση
πολύχρωμο αισθητικό αποτέλεσμα
φιλοξενία του Αβραάμ
c. 1180
επαγγελία ια τη γέμμηση του Ισαάκ βιβλίο τῆς Γενέσεως (18,1 ἑξ.)
παρεκκλήσι Παναγίας, Μονή Αγ. Ιωάννη Θεολόγου, Πάτμος
βυζαντινές μεταμορφώσεις του κλασικού
ο Ιωνάς με γενειάδα σαν τον αρχαίο Ωκεανό, ή τον Πρωτέα
λευκοντυμένη σαν Ρωμαία κυρία χωρίς μαφόριο
525-550 (circa)
πλάκα διπτύχου από την περιοχή του Μαρμαρά
σήμερα στο βρετανικό μουσείο
επιγραφή: "ΔΕΧΟΥ ΠΑΡΟΝΤΑ ΚΑΙ ΜΑΘѠΝ ΤΗΝ ΑΙΤΙΑΝ"
= "receive the suppliant despite his sinfulness" CORMACK Robin Cormack, Byzantine art, Οξφόρδη, εκδόσεις OUP, 2000, pp. 46-47
απόλυτα φυσιοκρατική απόδοση του προσώπου
παρά τις πλούσιες πτυχώσεις, σωματικότητα,
παρότι χαμηλό ανάγλυφο πάχους 9 χιλιοστών
το μεγαλύτερο βυζαντινό ανάγλυφο από ελεφαντόδοντο
41 εκ. ύψος / 14 εκ. πλάτος
The icon of Annunciation from the Church of St Climent in Ohrid, North Macedonia
14ος αιώνας
δύο γυμνοί Άτλαντες στηρίζουν τη στέγη του θρόνου του οικίσκου της Παναγίας VELMANS Tania Velmans, Η συναρπαστική ιστορία των εικόνων, μτφρ. Μαριλία Κοσμοπούλου Αθήνα, εκδόσεις Ωκεανίδα, 2006, σ. 307
Castelseprio in provincia di Varese
a significant Lombard town in the early Middle Ages, before being destroyed and abandoned in 1287
50 km northwest of Milan.
Hidden for centuries, the frescoes were only rediscovered in 1944.
1952
Alexander Savko (1957- )
